Battle of the Crater in the Civil War

Battle of the Crater in the Civil War The Battle of the Crater occurred July 30, 1864, during the American Civil War (1861-1865) and was an attempt by Union forces to break the siege of Petersburg. In March 1864, President Abraham Lincoln elevated Ulysses S. Grant to lieutenant general and gave him overall command of Union forces. In this new role, Grant decided to turn over operational control of the western armies to Major General William T. Sherman and moved his headquarters east to travel with Major General George G. Meades Army of the Potomac. The Overland Campaign For the spring campaign, Grant intended to strike General Robert E. Lees Army of Northern Virginia from three directions. First, Meade was to ford the Rapidan River east of the Confederate position at Orange Court House, before turning west to engage the enemy. Further south, Major General Benjamin Butler was to move up the Peninsula from Fort Monroe and menace Richmond, while to the west Major General Franz Sigel destroyed the resources of the Shenandoah Valley. Commencing operations in early May 1864, Grant and Meade encountered Lee south of the Rapidan and fought the bloody Battle of the Wilderness (May 5-7). Stalemated after three days of fighting, Grant disengaged and moved around Lees right. Pursuing, Lees men renewed the fighting on May 8 at Spotsylvania Court House (May 8-21). Two weeks of costly saw another stalemate emerge and Grant again slipped south. After a brief encounter at North Anna (May 23-26), Union forces were halted at Cold Harbor in early June. To Petersburg Rather than force the issue at Cold Harbor, Grant withdrew east then moved south towards the James River. Crossing over a large pontoon bridge, the Army of the Potomac targeted the vital city of Petersburg. Situated south of Richmond, Petersburg was a strategic crossroads and rail hub which supplied the Confederate capital and Lees army. Its loss would make would Richmond indefensible (Map). Aware of Petersburgs significance, Butler, whose forces were at Bermuda Hundred, unsuccessfully attacked the city on June 9. These efforts were halted by Confederate forces under General P.G.T. Beauregard. First Attacks On June 14, with the Army of the Potomac nearing Petersburg, Grant ordered Butler to send Major General William F. Baldy Smiths XVIII Corps to attack the city. Crossing the river, Smiths assault was delayed through the day on the 15th, but finally moved forward that evening. Though he made some gains, he halted his men due to darkness. Across the lines, Beauregard, whose request for reinforcements had been ignored by Lee, stripped his defenses at Bermuda Hundred to reinforce Petersburg. Unaware of this, Butler remained in place rather than threatening Richmond. Despite shifting troops, Beauregard was badly outnumbered as Grants troops began arriving on the field. Attacking late in the day with the XVIII, II, and IX Corps, Grants men gradually pushed the Confederates back. Fighting resumed on 17th with the Confederates doggedly defending and preventing a Union breakthrough. As the fighting continued, Beauregards engineers commenced constructing a new line of fortifications closer the city and Lee began marching to the fighting. Union assaults on June 18 gained some ground but were halted at the new line with heavy losses. Unable to advance, Meade ordered his troops to dig in opposite the Confederates. The Siege Begins Having been halted by the Confederate defenses, Grant devised operations for severing the three open railroads leading into Petersburg. While he worked on these plans, elements of the Army of the Potomac manned the earthworks that had sprung up around Petersburgs east side. Among these was the 48th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry, a member of Major General Ambrose Burnsides IX Corps. Composed largely of former coal miners, the men of the 48th devised their own plan for breaking through the Confederate lines. Armies Commanders Union Lieutenant General Ulysses S. GrantMajor General Ambrose BurnsideIX Corps Confederate General Robert E. LeeMajor General William Mahone A Bold Idea Observing that the closest Confederate fortification, Elliotts Salient, was a mere 400 feet from their position, the men of the 48th conjectured that a mine could be run from their lines under the enemy earthworks. Once complete, this mine could be packed with enough explosives to open a hole in the Confederate lines. This idea was seized upon by their commanding officer Lieutenant Colonel Henry Pleasants. A mining engineer by trade, Pleasants approached Burnside with the plan arguing that the explosion would take the Confederates by surprise and would allow Union troops to rush in to take the city. Eager to restore his reputation after his defeat at the Battle of Fredericksburg, Burnside agreed to present it to Grant and Meade. Though both men were skeptical about its chances for success, they approved it with the thought that it would keep the men busy during the siege. On June 25, Pleasants men, working with improvised tools, began digging the mine shaft. Digging continuously, the shaft reached 511 feet by July 17. During this time, the Confederates became suspicious when they heard the faint sound of digging. Sinking countermines, they came close to locating the 48ths shaft. The Union Plan Having stretched the shaft under Elliotts Salient, the miners began digging a 75-foot lateral tunnel that paralleled the earthworks above. Completed on July 23, the mine was filled with 8,000 pounds of black powder four days later. As the miners were working, Burnside had been developing his attack plan. Selecting Brigadier General Edward Ferreros division of United States Colored Troops to lead the assault, Burnside had them drilled in the use of ladders and instructed them to move along the sides of the crater to secure the breach in the Confederate lines. With Ferraros men holding the gap, Burnsides other divisions would cross to exploit the opening and take the city. To support the assault, Union guns along the line were ordered to open fire following the explosion and a large demonstration was made against Richmond to draw off enemy troops. This latter action worked particularly well as there were only 18,000 Confederate troops in Petersburg when the attack began. Upon learning that Burnside intended to lead with his black troops, Meade intervened fearing that if the attack failed he would be blamed for the needless death of these soldiers. Last Minute Changes Meade informed Burnside on July 29, the day before the attack, that he would not permit Ferreros men to spearhead the assault. With little time remaining, Burnside had his remaining division commanders draw straws. As a result, the ill-prepared division of Brigadier General James H. Ledlie was given the task. At 3:15 AM on July 30, Pleasants lit the fuse to the mine. After an hour of waiting without any explosion, two volunteers entered the mine to find problem. Finding that the fuse had gone out, they re-lit it and fled the mine. A Union Failure At 4:45 AM, the charge detonated killing at least 278 Confederate soldiers and creating a crater 170 feet long, 60-80 feet wide, and 30 feet deep. As the dust settled, Ledlies attack was delayed by the need to remove obstructions and debris. Finally moving forward, Ledlies men, who had not been briefed on the plan, charged down into the crater rather than around it. Initially using the crater for cover, they soon found themselves trapped and unable advance. Rallying, Confederate forces in the area moved along the rim of the crater and opened fire on the Union troops below. Seeing the attack failing, Burnside pushed Ferreros division in to the fray. Joining the confusion in the crater, Ferreros men endured heavy fire from the Confederates above. Despite the disaster in the crater, some Union troops succeeded in moving along the right edge of the crater and entered the Confederate works. Ordered by Lee to contain the situation, the division of Major General William Mahone launched a counterattack around 8:00 AM. Moving forward, they drove Union forces back to the crater after bitter fighting. Gaining the slopes of crater, Mahones men compelled the Union troops below to flee back to their own lines. By 1:00 PM, most of the fighting had concluded. Aftermath The disaster at the Battle of the Crater cost the Union around 3,793 killed, wounded, and captured, while the Confederates incurred around 1,500. While Pleasants was commended for his idea, the resulting attack had failed and the armies remained stalemated at Petersburg for another eight months. In the wake of the attack, Ledlie (who may have been drunk at the time) was removed from command and dismissed from the service. On August 14, Grant also relieved Burnside and sent him on leave. He would not receive another command during the war. Grant later testified that though he supported Meades decision to withdraw Ferreros division, he believed that if the black troops had been permitted to lead the attack, the battle would have resulted in a victory.

A Matter of Failure Turned Successful essays

A Matter of Failure Turned Successful essays What factors turned Englands Chesapeake colony of Virginia from stark failure to brilliant success? In the 1580s, the English landed in an unknown world called America. They quickly set up camp and created the small city of Roanoke, in present-day North Carolina. The population of Roanoke colony was very small; they were Englishs prototype colony. The expedition leader, John White, was very excited and returned home to England to spread the news. When he returned to Roanoke in 1590, he returned to an abandoned colony, with no signs of what happened. The Roanoke Colony was a miserable failure. English colonization was delayed afterwards due to Englands war with Spain, from 1588 to 1604. But once the war was over, England was back at it again and set forth to the Chesapeake Bay. The Virginia Company, who was a group of investors, set sail once again in 1607 and created a fort named Jamestown. The difference between Jamestown and Roanoke is... Jamestown was a success. The first couple years for Jamestown settlers was hard, especially in the cold, violent Atlantic Coast winters. Jamestown was doomed the first winter until the Powhatan tribe came the rescue. After the first couple winters were over with, the Chesapeake started to boom economically. One of the biggest allies of the Chesapeake was tobacco. Tobacco was unknown to England, and in 1613, John Rolfe developed a hybrid cured Virginia leaf. This new phenomenon was packaged and shipped to England and the rest of Europe, and the smoking craze was on. With tobacco on the rise for the Virginia Company, they needed much help farming it. The Virginia Company was giving land away in the Chesapeake to anyone who can afford the trip over. In the years between 1619 and 1624, 4,500 new English settlers arrived to raise tobacco. For those who wanted to get out of England and couldnt afford it, the Virginia Company paid their way. T...

The Mali Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Mali - Essay Example In fact, some of the same the Muslim historians and scholars that have written about Ghana have also provided a written record of Mali (Jackson, 1970). For example, Ibn Khaldun, a Muslim scholar working out of Islamic Spain in the 15th century, wrote about both Ghana and Mali. Islamic scholars must have paid a great of attention to Mali because its rulers converted to Islam, and subsequently spread it throughout Africa. The richness of the historical record of Mali allows a history of this great civilization to be reconstituted (Jackson, 1970). The geographical borders of Mali where similar to the former boarders of Ghana. The similarities exist because Mali was once a feudal territory that rose to fill a void after Ghana had fallen at the hands of the Susu. In his Kitab al-'Ibar Ibn Khaldun indicates that Mali occupied Ghana's former boarders (Davidson, 1991). He writes, "Much later the population of Mali grew to such an extent that it became dominate over all over this region (i.e. the area formerly ruled by Ghana)" (Khaldun, 1969 p.1). In the early history of Mali, during the reign of Al-Malik al-Nasir, Mali extended its borders west to the Atlantic Ocean. To the north, Mali occupied the upper portions of the Sahara. To the south, Mali extended down the Niger River past the city of Djenne, which is located on marshy land in the middle of the Niger River, it is referred to as an island. To the East, the kingdom stretched to a city called Takrur; this included much of the Sahara. Originally the kingdom of Mali started expanding from the top of the Niger River (Davidson, 1991). Starting from the city of Timbuktu, Mali steadily conquered the lands that lay down stream. These areas included the towns of Djenne, located on series of mashes and lakes that lies close to the Niger River, and Kawkaw, thought to be the modern-day city of Gao. Controlling the Niger River and the cities that lie on its banks were important for trade and travel (Jackson, 1970). The Niger was a central artery of commerce for both West and North African trade routs. The importance of the Niger can also be seen in the fact that Mali's capital city, which changed many times, was often located on that river. Mali's control of the Niger River, and these important cities, helped it to grow and prosper (Davidson, 1991). By the 18th century, Mali was in a semi anarchic state. Two empires emerged that opposed French invasion, the Tukolor Empire of al- Hajj Umar (1794-1864) and the Somori Toure (1870-98). During this time the region saw a resurgence of Islam. But in later years Mali was conquered and became the French Sudan, part of the Federation of French West Africa (Jackson, 1970). Mali Today Thanks to its rich and ancient past, Mali has become a country of great ethnic diversity with nearly two dozen different ethnic groups living within its borders. The main groups are the Mande (including the Bambara, Malinke, Soninke, Mandinka, Mende, Susu, Dialonke, and Dyula), Peul (or Fulani), Voltaic, Songhay, Tuareg, and Moor. Some other groups include the Dogon, Bozo, and Bobo. The single largest ethnic group is the Bambara also known as Bamana. This name recalls the era when the influence of Islam was spreading through Africa, yet this group of rural farmers refused to convert to a new religion and kept alive their traditional way of life. Bambara means "infidel" or

Biology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Biology - Essay Example HCT 116 cell lines belong to the DNA repairing community and nearly 22 genes were disrupted in this cell line. Most of these genes are similar to the genes disrupted by other cell lines. Gene targeting is highly successful in this cell line and it is the only cell line without knock out strategies. HCT 116 cell lines can also be used for gene knock out in somatic cells. The targeting frequency of HCT 116 is 37% more than other cell lines for the p21 loci. (Conn 2008). LOVO cell lines are derived from the metastatic site of the colon. It is the best transfection host for cancer studies. The Colorectal Cancer cells are aneuploid cells which undergo a large-scale chromosomal rearrangement. LOVO and LS-174T cell lines have KRAS mutations. LOVO lacks BAT- 26 locus. (Ahmed et al. 2013). According to Bu et al (2011), the order of efficiency of cell lines is given as Caco-2> HT – 29 > LS174T > LOVO. LS174T cell line is best used for the investigation of the phenotypes. Similarly, proliferative and invasive capacity of LS174T is very high than any other Colorectal Cancer cell line. Thus LS174T can be used for the study of the mucin expression in the colon cancer. (Bu et al. 2011). Bcl – 3 ( B –cell lymphoma 3 – encoded protein ) is an oncogene protein. It is a regulator present in the NF- kB. The studies on Bcl- 3 have found that Bcl- 3 is an important oncogenic regulator for the study of Colorectal Cancer. Bcl- 3 is found to activate the homodimers such as p52 and p50. The phosphorylation of Bcl-3 results in the up regulation. This is very impo rtant for the colorectal carcinoma. (Puvvada et al. 2010). CAECAM (Carcinoembryonic Antigen- related Cell Adhesion Molecule) belongs to a group of Carcinoembryonic antigen family (CEA). CEA contains two sub groups: CAECAM and Pregnancy-specific glycoproteins (PSG). CAECAM are found to a tumor suppressoe molecule by down regualting the growth and

Why immigrants are successful Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Why immigrants are successful - Essay Example Along with many countries of the world, United States has also undergone the effects of immigration. According to statistics, during the 17th and 18th centuries, few people have migrated to U.S. but this trend gradually accelerated after 1820s; however, last two decades have seen whopping migration to U.S. because the government is permitting the foreigners to work legally (Edmonston, pp. 35-75). The current scenario reflects that immigrants prove to be more successful than the U.S. citizens are. A faction of American population has a wrong impression that their government is supporting and funding the immigrants as a part of their business strategy. However, some schools of thought believe that the present status of the immigrants is solely due to their sincere hard work. It is enlightened in the following arguments. In the view point of U.S. citizens, immigrants are creating economic decline, as they do not pay taxes when compared to the facilities and benefits they acquire from th e social services. Whereas the findings of numerous researches prove that these immigrants have boosted the economy to unprecedented levels as they are high-skilled workers who are willing to work at a lower wage and works more efficiently as compared to the citizens. Moreover, it results in cheaper and better production of goods with promising profits. Though immigrants compete with the local people for low-proficiency jobs, they even sometimes get an edge on the locals through their expertise in the areas that is non-existent in a particular locality (Fairchild, pp. 237-267). American natives live such a lifestyle that they do everything according to their wishes and desires. Their upbringing is in a much-pampered way that makes them simply unaware of the meaning of struggle in life. On the other hand, immigrants such as Asians, Africans, Arabs, and Israelis come from a third world background where their entire lives had gone through economical and financial hardships, therefore, the only thing that they desire to have is money for which they migrate to U.S. where they find a gold mine waiting to be struck. As a result, their primary focus is to earn money so that they can provide their family with comfort and high-standards of living, and afford quality education for their children. Therefore, happiness for oneself becomes the last priority for any immigrant (Pratt Fairchild, pp. 237-267). It is a fact that U.S denizens have confined themselves to a shorter period of working time that is approximately 8 hours per day or 40 hours a week. Whereas, the immigrants work for a prolong duration of time that can reach up to 70-80 hours a week. Investors see a reliable scope in investing on the immigrants, as they do not fear hard work and if they receive a share in profit, they would be willing to work even harder. Immigrants realize the importance of money as they earn it by sweat of the brow. Therefore, their spending behavior is unlike the U.S. citizens. They do not believe in redundant spending on luxury. In fact, they are prudent in spending money, purchase only necessary goods, and save the rest for the rainy days. Their eventual goal is to save money as much as possible for which they look for entities that are on sale (Chiswick, pp. 28-97). Education has an utmost importance in an individual’s life as it makes an individual competent and capable of earning respectable amount of money. The immigrants always welcome education when their work demands, regardless of their age. The extensive market researches have clearly stated that the immigrants whether Asians or

Principles and Practices of Classroom Management

Principles and Practices of Classroom Management Challenging behaviour children are children that disrupts, annoy or get into a disagreement with other people, be it the teachers or their peers. Some also do not interact with the others (McTiernan, 2011). Positive behaviour is being sociable with peers and being able to listen to instructions. In a class, there are bound to have a mixture of both positive and challenging behaviour. Management of the challenging or positive behaviour of children is not the only influence for the child’s behaviour. The arrangement of the physical space also does matter. Different environment is needed for different kind of activities, when the children is doing languages or maths, a quiet environment is needed as the children needs to think and absorb the information. However, when it is time for play, the environment would be noisy. These two activities need to be put at a separated place as the noisy activities might disrupt the quiet activities. In the childcare centre that I am attached in, the quiet and noisy activities are separated. When they arrange the activities in this way, the children would develop a positive behaviour as they feel comfortable in what they are doing. Shelves used in childcare or kindergartens should be low as it is crucial for the teacher to keep their eyes on the children at all times. Shelves are used as a partition for different learning centres and storage space in a childcare or kindergarten (Hodge, 1997, p.10). The shelves in the childcare centre that I am attached in also has low shelves so that the teacher can always see the children and the children can also reach for the toys easily. When the teacher keep an eye on the children at all times, it would prevent challenging behaviour as the children knows that they are being watched by their teachers. Tapes are also used as a sign for boundaries, some centres also has footprints to show the children some pathways from a certain place to another (Kaiser, Rasminsky, 2007, p.105). However, there isn’t any tapes nor foot prints in the childcare I am attached to. Therefore, it does not seem to have any boundary for any learning corners. This triggers challenging behaviour as children not to know where the different centres are and they will start to be rowdy. Social context is when there is friendliness, cooperation and cohesiveness involved. With this three components, it would add up to a sense of community. A community is where one can feel a sense of belong and they all work towards a goal that they all have. When children are friendly with each other, challenging behaviour will not occur so often. This is so as they feel that they are included and they will feel happy. Cooperation is essential in preventing challenging behaviour as with cooperative activities, children with challenging behaviour would tend to behave not so aggressive and corporate (Kaiser, Raminsky, 2010). Being a teacher would mean that there is a need for one to set a good example for the students. They should be caring and be able to lend a listening ear to the children. When the children see that their teachers are so friendly, they will then feel encouraged to behave positively. When children behave positively, challenging behaviour can then be prevented. A relationship between the teacher and student should also be built up. To do so, one should be fair to each and every student and make an effort to know about each student’s background. As a teacher, it is also very important to listen to every student. It should also be necessary to set out some behaviour that is expected from the children. When the children feels that the teacher has built up a relationship with them, it is less likely for them to have a challenging behaviour. As they feel that you are very friendly, they will build up a positive behaviour. However, being friendly is important but one should be careful about not letting the children think that you are their friend instead of teacher as this would lead to them not taking what you say seriously (Smith, Yell, 2013). In different childcare or kindergartens, different strategies are used by teachers in managing classes. Below are two strategies that I have observed the teachers used. Of which one is a rule and one is a routine. Although strategies are supposedly workable, however, there are also times where strategies does not work. In the childcare centre that I am attached to, there are some unique actions made to catch the children’s attention. One of the strategies I observed is that during lessons or storybook reading time, when the children are getting restless and becoming rowdy, the teacher would clap her hands to any tune and most of the children will mimic what is being clapped. However, the corporation of the children depends on how rowdy they are. If they are really rowdy, only some will clap to the tune while the rest continues to be noisy. I have observed that the â€Å"clap to the tune† method only works for a maximum of two to three times. After that, another strategy must be used to capture the children’s attention. I think that this happens as the children gets bored with the method at the third time. The second strategy is actually a rule. There is a rule saying that after every meal, the floor must be swept and the tables must be cleaned by the students. When it was my first day in the childcare centre, I was actually very shocked to see the children all wanting to sweep the floor and clean the tables. I at first thought that they were rewarded after that. However, they were not. After much thinking, I finally understood why they would be so spontaneous. They already take it as a daily routine, to them, it is like bathing or eating. In independent work, much considerations must be made in order for the children to be interested and thus get the motivation to finish that piece of work. The work should be challenging but achievable. This is so as it is important to let children feel a sense of achievement when they first do it. If they fail at the first time, they will not want to do it again the next time. This means that if the child is 5 years old, do not give anything that a 7 year old would do. This is so as they will not know how to do and would not be motivated to finish the work given when they feel that they do not know how to do. Work should also be given according to the child’s interest. For example, if the child is interested in animals, you could provide the child with some paper and recycled materials for him/her to create an animal he or she likes (Weinstein, Romano Mignano, 2011, p.256). The objectives in a small group activity is to let the children learn how to have teamwork and how to help one another. Therefore, the work given should include factors of teamwork. If possible, create an activity that the factor of teamwork is mandatory. Another considerations that must be made is that to help the children team up, this means that one should make sure that they do not mix with the same group of people all the time. This would lead to segregation in the class as over time, they will not want to mix with the other peers. The aim of a small group work is for everybody to mix around, if they only mix with their peers then it would defeat the purpose of a small group work (Weinstein, Romano Mignano, 2011, p.277). I have observed that in the childcare centre that I am attached to, they would try to mix the children around for group work. The last important thing is to make sure no student tries to free load. It is essential to put different children with different strength together so that all of them would have a chance to do something. For example, put a student with good creative but does not have much of a patience with a student that has patience but not much of a creativity (Weinstein, C. S, Romano, M. E. Mignano, A. J., 2011, pg. 278).

Romeo And Juliet - Comparisson To West Side Story Essay -- essays rese

The play West Side Story, by Arthur Laurents, is based upon the play Romeo and Juliet, by William Shakespeare. Despite a few differences, both works, in essence, have the same plot. The source of violence in Romeo and Juliet and West Side Story is the ever-present hatred between families and between gangs, although, because of the "star-cross’d lovers" motif in Romeo and Juliet, the hatred plays a larger role in producing the ending of West Side Story than it does the ending of Romeo and Juliet. The tension and hatred between gangs in West Side Story has a drastic affect on Maria and Tony’s relationship as well as on the outcome of the play. Because of the hatred between their respective gangs, Tony and Maria are not able to meet or even talk in public - they must do it secretly. Also, Bernardo and Riff are strong focuses of hate. They cannot see past their blind hatred for each other. Because of this, both of them, as well as Tony, are killed in the "rumble." Anita’s hatred for the Jets is fueled by their treatment of her at Doc’s candy store. This influences her to tell them that Maria is dead, thus affecting the ending of the play. Chino is another source of hatred. When Tony kills Bernardo, Chino is driven by the need for revenge and he kills Tony. In order to fully understand the plot of West Side Story, one must have an understanding of the nature of gangs in the 1950’s and know the reasons for their actions. Between 1941 and 1956, more than 500,000 Puerto Ricans moved to major cities in the U.S. such as New York, Los Angeles, Chicago, and Cleveland. The majority of them lived in poor areas of their city. Puerto Rican gangs formed so that they could protect themselves from prejudiced Americans. Many people took advantage of the immigrants’ poor social status. For example, Bernardo says, "And Chino makes half what the Polack makes - the Polack is American!" (Laurents 165) Youth agencies and youth boards concluded that most gangs formed because of the poverty, disease, and racism present in the ghetto. Gangs, which were usually made up of teenagers, fought over girls, territory (otherwise known as "turf"), and racial matters. Italian, Jewish, and Irish gangs were worried that the Puerto Ricans were taking over their "turf". "Turf" could range... ...and Juliet, when they marry, must marry secretly because of the feud. However, Maria and Tony do not marry, although they do perform a mock wedding. Another example of a difference is that Anita purposely tells the Jets that Maria is dead because of her hatred for them. But when Balthasar tells Romeo that Juliet is dead, he does it without knowing that it isn’t true. The last major difference between the two works is the death of the heroine. Juliet kills herself because she knows that her Romeo is dead and she cannot live without him. However, Maria is left alive at the end of West Side Story. It is almost as though she does not die so that she can accuse society of its prejudicial attitude against the Puerto Ricans and reveal everyone’s role in her and Tony’s love story. As it is with any work that is based on something else, it is the differences as well as the similarities that make both the original and the inspired appealing. Romeo and Juliet and West Side Story continue to portray the common themes of hatred and violence. However, because Juliet and Romeo’s relationship is so altered by fate, they are less affected by the violence in their society than Tony and Maria are.

Comparison Between Japan and Italy

Why does Japan attract so Many Less Tourists than Italy? Contents Introduction Page 2 International TourismPage 2 Key Aspects of JapanPage 3 Key Aspects of ItalyPage 4 Typical TouristPage 5 International CompetitionPage 5 Conclusion Page 5 Graphs Page 6 BibliographyPage 7 Introduction In this project I will be researching about the difference in tourism between Italy and Japan. I will be researching why there is such a big difference and I will add several graphs and climate data.I will be researching the tourist attractions. I will explain the similarities and differences. I will research about tourist attractions and why a family would choose this country instead of the other. I will research about the two environments. International Tourism International tourism is when a person or more travel out of their home land into a different country and/or religion. It means that they travel from one place to another for reasons like for medical, sport or business. Key Aspects of Japan K ey Aspects of Japan There are many tourist attractions in Japan but why doesn’t it get as many tourists as Italy?Japan has a place called Ginza which consists of department stores, shopping centres, restaurants and coffee shops. Ginza is said to be one of the best places for shopping in the world. It is said to also be very luxurious. The Ise Shrine located in the Mie state of Japan is the shrine built in the honour of goddess Ameterasu-Omikami. This is said to be one of the most sacred places in Japan because inside it holds the Sacred Mirror. Another interesting attraction is the Osaka Castle. It was built in 1583 in Osaka. This would be a great tourist attraction because it is very historical and the castle itself is very beautiful.The biggest tourist attraction I would have to say is Mt. Fuji. Is view is truly breathtaking. It is Japan’s biggest mountain. This would be a great place for someone who enjoys climbing or like sky diving. If the tourist appreciates art work then Kyoto National Art Museum is the place for them. It focuses on Asian and Japanese art from the days when it wasn’t modern. It is built traditionally so that the tourist can really feel like he or she’s part of that era. There is the longest suspension bridge in the world in Japan called Akashi Kaikyo suspension bridge. Is is nearly 4 km long and was finishes in a span of 12 years.One of the most historic and interesting attractions is the Great Buddha of Kamakura. Its nearly 14m tall in length and it is very interesting how this survived the tsunami in the 15th century where as the others were eliminated. The Great Buddha of Kamakura Key Aspects of Italy As we all know the Italians are renowned because of Gladiators and there old empires. There most magnificent attraction would most probably be the Canals of Venice. Its romantic ambience and Italian architecture surrounding it makes it the most admirable place with the Colosseum not far behind.As I mentioned the probably most famous of them all would be the Colosseum which was built at the time of gladiators. People of all ages would gather to watch people fight till the death. They used to cheer as this was one of their few ways of entertainment. Tourists will love the Colosseum because you get the feel that you’re walking through the ages. Pompeii was a lost city in Italy. It was lost due to Mt. Vesuvius erupting in 79 AD. I think this would be quite interesting as there are still remains on the land and also the lost city of Herculaneum is one to see as well.You get an insider in how people lived back then compared to now. Santa Maria Del Fiore is the largest brick cathedral ever built and was the biggest until the modern era. Santa Maria Del Fiore is the symbol of the beautiful city of Florence. This cathedral is a must see for tourists who are Catholics and it’s interesting to see how divine it would be inside. I think Italy would also be famous for its beaches. Altho ugh temperature doesn’t go very high on a good day everyone will be at the beach. Picture of Canals of Venice. Typical Tourist In my own opinion I believe that a typical tourist would go to Italy.They would go because Italy is more of a livelier place and has more interesting tourist attractions. People from all over the world would probably choose Italy because everyone wants to know about Italy’s history. Although the temperature is almost the same there’s way more precipitation in Japan due to monsoon months which tourists don’t want to enter. Japan does have the best technology in the world but they want to go to a country where there isn’t too much poverty which I think Italy fits that criterion. International Competition Two countries come to mind when we talk about competition in the tourist trade, South Korea and Greece.Greece is like Italy it has a lot of Greek history which people would ache to see and South Korea is like Japan, has a lot of good attractions yet not many tourists come. Many people would come to both Italy and Greece but at the state Greece is in at this moment of time with financial trouble if you’re going for business they should go to Italy. Conclusion In conclusion I believe Japan have less tourist because of they're attractions. They don’t have that much to attract people from all over the world although they have the technology for it.I think they should build more attractions like make a old village so you can show people how you used to live. Also because people all over the world want to go to a country where there isn’t too much poverty which is why they would choose Italy. Also because of the monsoon season they lose many tourists who don’t want to come when its full of water. Bibliography â€Å"Crossed Flag Pins. † Http://www. crossed-flag-pins. com. N. p. , n. d. Web. Sept. -Oct. 2012. ;http://www. crossed-flag-pins. com/Friendship-Pins/Japan/Flag-Pins- Japan-Italy. jpg;. â€Å"Daibutsu a Great Buddha of Kamakura. Daibutsu a Great Buddha of Kamakura Picture & Facts a Kanagawa,. N. p. , n. d. Web. 15 Oct. 2012. . â€Å"Visitstmaarten. com Blog. † World Tourism Day 2010 on Tourism and Biodiversity, St Maarten. N. p. , n. d. Web. 13 Oct. 2012. . â€Å"10 Top Tourist Attractions in Italy. † Touropia. N. p. , n. d. Web. 13 Oct. 2012. . Tokyo, Japan:Climate, Global Warming, and Daylight Charts and Data. † Tokyo, Japan: Climate, Global Warming, and Daylight Charts and Data. N. p. , n. d. Web. 13 Oct. 2012. ;http://www. climate-charts. com/Locations/j/JP47662. php;. â€Å"World Economic Outlook Database September 2011. † World Economic Outlook Database September 2011. N. p. , n. d. Web. 13 Oct. 2012. ;http://www. imf. org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/02/weodata/index. aspx;. â€Å"Employees, Industry, Male (% of Male Employment). † Data. N. p. , n. d. Web. 13 Oct. 2012. ;http://data. worldbank. org/indicator /SL. IND. EMPL. MA. ZS/countries;.

Chinas Foreign Policy Today and Tomorrow

Chinas Foreign Policy Today and Tomorrow Free Online Research Papers Since Deng Xiaoping â€Å"swung the door open† in the 1970’s, China has become increasingly relevant to the international community and foreign policies in this now global market economy. Technological, cultural, economic, and political advancements occurring world-wide has incited a rise in the dire significance of Chinese policy and its effects on United States national interests. Since just before the turn of the century, China has engaged in a number of international policy advancements that could be determined to be a â€Å"threat† to status-quo politics. (Roy) Important to this analysis is perspective. Chinese policy has drawn attention to a â€Å"soft power† increase that is certainly taking place while steel driven â€Å"hard power† has been rhetorically downplayed by some actors yet remains relevant to the discussion of China’s future in the international system. A â€Å"soft power† approach is at the forefront of this foreign relations issue. The hard power grab made by China in the past 20 years since the fall of Russia is undeniable but it is the strides made in development of soft power that should concern U.S. interests. (Roy) Evidence of China’s desire to become a regional superpower is focused on military buildup, chairing 6 party non-proliferation talks with North Korea and hard-line rhetoric stemming from dialogue concerning the sovereignty of Taiwan (or Republic of China, ROC). Utilization of increased foreign investment and the liberalized trade policies of Deng’s â€Å"Socialist Market Economy† has allowed for China to increase military production at a large rate. New access to resources and increased dialogue with developed nations has given way to technological advances and capital necessary to expand China’s military spending. China has sought a competitive naval force and invested lots of capital in missile technology and construction. Regional military hegemony is imminent. Official declarations of Chinese Foreign policy called â€Å"white papers† provide only limited insights on the motivations behind the objectives, or the specific strategies to achieve th em. The linkages between the occasional strategic pronouncement and actual policy decisions in China are not apparent, especially during periods of crisis. As a result, the study of PLA views on grand strategy remains an inexact science. (Military Report) In addition to hardware advancements, China has made new efforts in creating alliance networks and security organizations such as Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO). China’s increased participation in international security community is a direct indicator of desire to increase influence in the region and find a place in the world order. Security policy in People’s Republic of China (PRC) is the product of historical cultural norms with regards to peace and isolationism but has seen the effect of new challenges such as the death of global communism and increasing pro-independence activism in Taiwan. (Shambaugh) The modern approach to security is a pragmatic one with emphasis on mutual trust, mutual equality, and cooperation. This approach is not in line with any traditional security policy since there is no focused goal such as territorial expansion or establishment of extensive client states. This approach provides some grey area in dealing with China and should be handled carefully. (Shambaugh),(Medeiros) Whether it was bilaterally, within existing multilateral organizations, or creating new multilateral institutions, China has successfully entered the global system of politics and maneuvers with more confidence than a decade ago. Bilaterally, China has entered into free trade agreements, strategic partnership agreements, and even created â€Å"Chinese Friendship Associations† featuring 203 â€Å"Confucius Institutes† as of 2007 including 40 U.S. States. A problem arises however when considering the grounds for these agreements. Human rights conditions, good governance requirements, and environmental standards that are an integral part of international agreements in the U.S. dominated Western system are not a necessity for Chinese investment and cooperation. Authoritarian nations that find themselves held in these constraints when dealing with Western nations have no incentive for passing on Chinese investment. China’s policy of mutual trust and mutual equality has lead to agreements being made despite differences that derail traditional agreements. Issues are often pushed aside at the diplomacy table to be addressed later or ignored completely. This practice does create many profitable pa rtnerships for the PRC but has a destabilizing effect on the international system. The lack of depth in these agreements could lead to a destabilizing shift should the actors face crisis. (Mediros) Multilateral endeavors have also taken their toll on the increase in the selling power of Chinese culture and policies. China’s status as a permanent member of the UN Security Council and involvement in the World Trade Organization as well as the World Bank show a desire to have more input in the structure and order of an international system that they did not create. Though this input is certainly welcome, motives are easily called into question when examining exactly where Chinese participation focuses. The PRC still often engages in unrestricted investments that remain off the books of these established international entities. China instead has focused much effort in the creation of new organizations such as the SCO and 2005 East Asia Summit that are not bound by Western norms and don’t include the United States. A central focus in the study of China’s foreign policy tendencies should be the continent of Africa. Greatly ignored by superpowers of the past, Africa is a new frontier in policy development. China, wishing to (a) Obtain natural resources and oil reserves once ignored by US government and abandoned by U.S. multinational corporations (b) expand its own markets (c) build its reputation as a major player in what they desire to be a multi-polar international system, has established entities such as China-Africa Cooperation Forum in 2000 and engaged in bilateral agreements such as previously mentioned. The deep pockets of the state-run oil company coupled with its lack of transparency for stakeholders have allowed China a head start in creating ties in unstable areas of Africa that proved to be too unprofitable or too downright dangerous for American interests. Now that the policies of modern China have been outlined, the United States is left with a simple choice. Does the status quo satisfy U.S. national interests sufficiently? If the status-quo of allowing the policies delineated in this report to continue unchecked is maintained, many popular foreign policy theories, such as power-transition theory, dictate that a rising power such as China will soon dominate the international system whether those are its true intentions or not. Future U.S. Policy should be either geared toward taking more hard-line approaches that would be a product of perceiving China and its emergence as a regional power as a threat, or centered on improving the soft power capabilities of the U.S. and creating an international environment that is conducive to China’s seamless involvement after a benign rise to power. Choosing which approach to take will guide policy for the U.S. moving forward. A hard-line engagement approach could scare China from its curren t security policy and destroy benign intentions dictated by CCP policy makers. Giving up a possibility of a constructive Sino-U.S. relationship by adopting a policy of containment could be a mistake for U.S. interests because of the confrontation that could transpire and the economic opportunities missed. There is also no sense in giving up the game before China’s intentions are truly known by utilizing full appeasement. A soft watchdog approach is the option that would allow for general support of China’s ongoing development. In order to create the ability to successfully provide a positive watchdog role in China’s development, the U.S. will need to reinvigorate is global engagement. Seeking membership in the organizations created by China such as the SCO and the EAS would show positive, multi-polar efforts to assist in development of the Asian region. This could also be accomplished by seeking more cooperation between regional superpowers like the E.U., China, and Russia to assist fragile states in development and introduction of those developing nations into a multi-polar system as China prefers. Very key to improving the outcome of Chinese development is increasing transparency in China’s diplomatic actions. Putting more effort into figuring what aid is actually disbursed instead of reported totals from PRC officials would help accomplish this goal. Also by encouraging the PRC to adhere to good governance agreements and drawing it from the bilateral melee currently in place, and in to a system of multilateral agreements with oversight coming from compromised policies put in place by all member nations. Increasing U.S. soft power by cutting red tape that constrains foreign investment and aid to developing countries could prevent China from engaging in more liberal bilateral agreements is another way to help combat the power transition. Research Papers on China’s Foreign Policy Today and TomorrowDefinition of Export QuotasAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2PETSTEL analysis of IndiaOpen Architechture a white paperAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesTwilight of the UAW19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in Capital

Free Essays on Me, Myself, And I

Me, Myself, and I While looking back over the years, rummaging through pictures and memories, people seem to realize how much they have changed. I know that who I am now is not who I used to be. I am a sixteen year old junior attending Desert High School, I am happy with who I am and who I want to be, I love sports, and I love being around others, especially my friends. However, when I look back to when I was fourteen year old freshman attending Desert High School, a mere two years ago, I was not happy with my life or where it was going, sports seemed to be a job, and all I could do was wait for the day to end so I could be by my self, back in my room. Looking back on then while seeing now, I realized that I have evolved into an entirely different person. The summer between eighth grade and freshman year brought about a lot of change for me, the biggest being my family moving from Fort Irwin to Edwards AFB. From the day we got here all I wanted to do was leave, and being new here, I had no friends; I was still unable to let go of my old home. My inability to cope with the change of moving, combined with the fact that I had no one to talk to, caused me to fall into depression. This depression caused my self-esteem, which was very high while living at Ft. Irwin, to plummet, this, in turn, causing me to be anti-social. The only escape I had from this downward spiraling path was sports, and even this was very little help. I disliked everyone on my teams, they disliked me, and the only reason I played was to spite them. So, one must ask themselves, what caused this change? What caused the change from the depressed, anti-social freshman to the happy, fun-loving junior? Many things caused me to transform from who I was then to who I am now. After a few months I started to become accustomed to Edwards AFB; I began to see the good in my new home. I credit my realizing how good Edwards AFB could be to the fact that I had finally made some f... Free Essays on Me, Myself, And I Free Essays on Me, Myself, And I Me, Myself, and I While looking back over the years, rummaging through pictures and memories, people seem to realize how much they have changed. I know that who I am now is not who I used to be. I am a sixteen year old junior attending Desert High School, I am happy with who I am and who I want to be, I love sports, and I love being around others, especially my friends. However, when I look back to when I was fourteen year old freshman attending Desert High School, a mere two years ago, I was not happy with my life or where it was going, sports seemed to be a job, and all I could do was wait for the day to end so I could be by my self, back in my room. Looking back on then while seeing now, I realized that I have evolved into an entirely different person. The summer between eighth grade and freshman year brought about a lot of change for me, the biggest being my family moving from Fort Irwin to Edwards AFB. From the day we got here all I wanted to do was leave, and being new here, I had no friends; I was still unable to let go of my old home. My inability to cope with the change of moving, combined with the fact that I had no one to talk to, caused me to fall into depression. This depression caused my self-esteem, which was very high while living at Ft. Irwin, to plummet, this, in turn, causing me to be anti-social. The only escape I had from this downward spiraling path was sports, and even this was very little help. I disliked everyone on my teams, they disliked me, and the only reason I played was to spite them. So, one must ask themselves, what caused this change? What caused the change from the depressed, anti-social freshman to the happy, fun-loving junior? Many things caused me to transform from who I was then to who I am now. After a few months I started to become accustomed to Edwards AFB; I began to see the good in my new home. I credit my realizing how good Edwards AFB could be to the fact that I had finally made some f...

Socialization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Socialization - Essay Example Symbolic meanings in symbolic interactionism refer to the way social interactions are interpreted within a given context. Roles are defined by each relationship within the context of the participants in that relationship. Therefore, the role of husband or wife may not necessarily be literally gender oriented as much as role specific. In this, way, relationships need not conform to traditional constructs; therefore there is no need for the traditional approach to marriage to ensure its success. A healthy marriage is dependent upon the extension of â€Å"me† in the role of â€Å"I†. In order for a person to make a healthy choice for marriage, four important concepts must be well defined within the individual: 1) the concept of knowing the self well, â€Å"me† - who I am, 2) the concept of what â€Å"me† means to the world around me, how â€Å"I† perform my roles, 3) knowing what I have to offer of myself to another individual, â€Å"I†, and 4) what I need to receive from another individual with regards to their performance of â€Å"me†, in order to feel accepted, connected, and valued in that relationship. ... This is the first step in preparation for choosing a marriage partner. Our socialization through the life cycle offers abundant feedback regarding who others perceive us to be. If we agree with that perception, then we continue in those roles; if we don’t agree, then we begin to investigate ways to change that might influence other’s perception of us. This kind of fine tuning takes on a heightened awareness as we move toward adulthood. Young people try on many roles before finding what’s comfortable for them. When we have arrived at a comfort level in whom we are as perceived by the world around us, then our roles are more established; from this springboard, we begin to search for fulfillment. The next step is in looking around to find another person with whom we can begin to relate on a close and personal level. The satisfaction of this basic need is not necessarily equally important for all individuals; however most find it a driving force in adulthood. Sociali zation in adulthood is largely defined by the interactions between associates in the workplace, peers, and significant others, comprising our continued growth and development along the human journey. The roles we assume in each area give us a chance to further define who â€Å"me† is. When â€Å"I† perform the role of â€Å"me†, then I am either attracted to or repelled by others. Often in relationships there is conflict between who â€Å"me† is because â€Å"I† am acting in a role where there is role strain and a sense of discomfort. Such conflicts usually surface in a negative way to also strain the relationships. It is only through careful communication and acceptance of that role by the significant other that the relationship can be saved while the relationship is in

First Step in Creating an Ad Campaign-Exploring Target Audience Assignment

First Step in Creating an Ad Campaign-Exploring Target Audience - Assignment Example Taking into account that they represent about 33 million people, then roughly 7.59 million teens live in the Midwest. Supposing that the teen population matches the overall demographics for gender, then 3.8 million are male. The data covered 13-19, so accounting for five parts of seven, then 2,71 million are within our target audience. The average spending power of this group is $40 per week from all sources, including jobs, equaling an annual market of 2080 per capita, for a grand total of about 4 billion dollars annually, when adjusted for low income groups in the demographic profile. They also influence about 19% of all household spending in addition to their personal buying power. Convergence is the trend. Most teens now own a cellular phone, a music player and a personal computer. The trend is moving toward smartphones which enable all of these functions or a smart phone and a tablet, such as the Ipad. However, the girls are way ahead of the boy in this age group with only 23% of the boys owning smartphones. All of the group is connected in one way or another, and they share information. Most boys (and girls) belong to at least one social networking site and one online gaming site that includes forum functions. TitleSmartphone Ownership by Teens and By Sex | Text Message Blog Volume2011Issue10/7/2011Editionhttp://www.textmessageblog.mobi/2011/01/14/smartphones-female-teens/Ref TypeWeb PageRetrieved Date10/7/2011Source